View source for Brick u-p Element

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'''BrickUP''' is an 8-node hexahedral linear isoparametric element. 
Each node has 4 degrees-of-freedom (DOF): DOFs 1 to 3 for solid displacement (u) and DOF 4 for fluid pressure (p). 
This element is implemented for simulating dynamic response of solid-fluid fully coupled material, based on Biot's theory of porous medium. 

'''Please''' [http://quakesim.net/index.php?title=Examples click here] '''for examples.'''


OUTPUT INTERFACE:

Pore pressure can be recorded at an element node using OpenSees Node Recorder:


'''recorder Node <-file $fileName> <-time> <-node ($nod1 $nod2 …)> -dof 3 vel'''


See OpenSees command manual (McKenna and Fenves 2001) for nodal displacement, velocity, or acceleration recorders.  


The valid queries to a BrickUP element when creating an ElementRecorder are 'force', 'stiffness', or 'material matNum matArg1 matArg2 ...', where matNum represents the material object at the corresponding integration point.


{| 
| style="background:yellow; color:black; width:900px; font-size: 120%;" | '''element brickUP $eleTag  $Node1  $Node2  $Node3  $Node4 $Node5  $Node6  $Node7  $Node8 $matTag  $bulk  $fmass  $PermX  $PermY $PermZ <$bX=0  $bY=0 $bZ=0>'''
|}



[[image:Brick.png]]

{|style="border-collapse: collapse; border-width: 2px; border-style: solid; border-color: silver; width:900px;"
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px;"|'''$eleTag'''
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|A positive integer uniquely identifying the element among all elements
|-
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|'''$Node1,… $Node8'''
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|Eight element node (previously defined) numbers (see figure above for order of numbering).
|-
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|'''$matTag'''
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|Tag of an NDMaterial object (previously defined) of which the element is composed
|-
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|'''$bulk'''
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|Combined undrained bulk modulus B<sub>c</sub> relating changes in pore pressure and volumetric strain, may be approximated by:

B<sub>c</sub> &asymp; B<sub>f</sub>/n

where B<sub>f</sub> is the bulk modulus of fluid phase (2.2x10<sup>6</sup> kPa  (or 3.191x10<sup>5</sup> psi) for water), and n the initial porosity.

|-
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|'''$fmass'''
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|Fluid mass density
|-
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|'''$permX, $permY, $permZ'''
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|Permeability coefficients in x, y, and z directions respectively.
|-
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|'''$bX, $bY, $bZ'''
|style="border-style: solid; border-color: silver; border-width: 1px"|Optional gravity acceleration components in x, y, and z directions directions respectively (defaults are 0.0)
|}


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NOTE:

This element requires 4 degrees-of-freedom (ndf=4), the 4th degree-of-freedom being pore pressure. The Pore pressure can be recorded at an element node using OpenSees Node Recorder:

recorder Node <-file $fileName> <-time> <-node ($nod1 $nod2 …)> -dof 4 vel

The valid queries to a BrickUP element when creating an ElementRecorder are 'force',  and 'material matNum matArg1 matArg2 ...', where matNum represents the material object at the corresponding integration point.

TYPICAL RANGE OF PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT (cm/s)

{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="center"
| Gravel || Sand || Silty Sand || Silt || Clay
|-
| >1.0x10-1 || 1.0x10-3 ~ 1.0x10-1 || 1.0x10-5 ~ 1.0x10-3 || 1.0x10-7 ~ 1.0x10-5 || <1.0x10-7
|}


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Code Developed by: <span style="color:blue"> Zhaohui Yang, UC San Diego</span>